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Public healthDiscussion postHealth policy

BIO 500 Week 5 DQ 2: Pisani on Politics and Data

A planning guide for BIO 500 Week 5 Discussion 2, which asks whether you agree with Elizabeth Pisani's message about the role of politics in public health. Her sharpest claim is about epidemiologists rather than politicians, and most posts never engage it.

Updated

Editorial process

Last reviewed · August 10, 2026

01

Two claims bundled into one message, and why separating them matters

An agree-or-disagree prompt is an invitation to write an opinion, and in a biostatistics course that invitation should be declined in its easy form. You are being asked to take a position, but the position has to be argued from evidence about how political decisions interact with data, not from how you feel about politicians. So the first thing to establish is what Pisani's message actually is, stated precisely enough that agreement or disagreement means something. Her claim is not the bland one that politics affects public health. It is that when scientific evidence meets moral ideology in the allocation of prevention funding, ideology usually wins, and that the resulting spending does not go where the transmission is.

Before you take a side, separate two claims that are bundled together in the talk, because a post that treats them as one thing cannot say anything precise. The first is that resource allocation is political. That is unavoidable and, in a democracy, arguably legitimate: deciding what a health budget is spent on is a question about public values as well as about effect sizes, and no amount of data settles it by itself. The second is that political discomfort determines what gets measured, reported, and funded regardless of what the evidence shows. That is a different and much stronger claim, and it is the one worth arguing about. You can accept the first entirely and still find the second alarming.

The part of the talk most posts skip is the part that makes it worth discussing, and engaging with it will distinguish your response immediately. Pisani does not only accuse politicians. She describes the incentives acting on epidemiologists themselves — the pressure to present figures in whatever way attracts funding, to emphasise the sympathetic populations and downplay the stigmatised ones. That is an admission about data integrity from inside the profession, and it lands squarely on this course, because the numbers she is describing are exactly the sort your course objectives train you to produce and interpret. Whatever position you take, address this. A post that treats politics as something that happens to public health, rather than something practised within it, has read only half the talk.

Ground your position in a concrete case rather than in generalities, and the needle exchange example is the one the talk supplies. The evidence that syringe services programmes reduce HIV transmission among people who inject drugs, without increasing drug use, is substantial and long-standing, and yet these programmes have repeatedly been restricted or defunded on grounds that are moral rather than empirical. That case lets you make Pisani's argument with citations attached instead of asserting it. If you disagree with her, this is also the case you have to account for, and the honest disagreement is not that the evidence is wrong but that public acceptability is a real constraint a programme has to survive.

If you want to disagree well, there are two respectable lines available and neither is a defence of ideology. The first is that Pisani understates how often evidence does prevail, and that citing the failures without the successes overstates the case. The second is more interesting: an argument for rational allocation is itself a value judgement about what public health should maximise, and the technocratic position — spend where transmission is — is a position rather than a neutral default. Someone who prioritises a programme that a community will accept and sustain is not necessarily being irrational. Making that argument requires taking her seriously rather than dismissing her, which is what a strong disagreement looks like.

On evidence and tone, remember which course you are in. Support the empirical claims — that a given intervention works, that funding did not follow transmission — with sources rather than assertion, and be careful about statistics quoted from a decade-old talk without checking whether they still hold. Keep the register analytical rather than partisan: the question is about how evidence functions in policymaking, not about which party is right, and a post that drifts into general political commentary has left the discipline. And note the talk's date when you cite it, since both the epidemiology of HIV and the funding landscape have moved considerably since it was recorded.

Likely learning objectives

Inferred from the brief — check these against your own rubric.

  • 01
    State a position on a policy argument and support it with evidence rather than sentiment
  • 02
    Distinguish the political nature of resource allocation from political interference in measurement
  • 03
    Engage a professional self-criticism about how data is presented to attract funding
  • 04
    Evaluate a decade-old argument against current evidence rather than accepting it as timeless
Assignment instructionsQuoted verbatim

The BIO 500 Week 5 Discussion 2 prompt in full

Review every instruction before using the planning guidance that follows.

BIO 500 GC Week 5 Discussion 2 Elizabeth Pisani Sex, Drugs, and HIV BIO 500 GC Week 5 Discussion 2 “Elizabeth Pisani: Sex, Drugs, and HIV This course is designed to provide you the knowledge and skills in application, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of biostatistical data used to inform public health programs, policy, and practice. Elizabeth Pisani is an epidemiologist in public health and has a message about the role that politics has on the use of the data. View “Elizabeth Pisani: Sex, Drugs and HIV – Let’s Get Rational.” Do you agree or disagree with Pisani’s message about the role of politics in public health?
Course-wide instructions that accompany this question

Important information for writing discussion questions and participation Hi Class, Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts. Contact me if you have any questions. Important information on Writing a Discussion Question Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references) There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article. Include in-text citations in your response Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information Follow APA-7th edition Points will be deducted if the above is not followed Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week. Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references) Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count. Follow APA 7th edition Points will be deducted if the above is not followed Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points. Here are some helpful links Student paper example Citing Sources The Writing Center is a great resource Welcome to class Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to. I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you. Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted. If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations. Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements. Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week. I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course! Exit  Grid View  List View BIO 500 GC Week 5 Discussion 2 Elizabeth Pisani Sex, Drugs, and HIV Excellent Point range: 90–100 Good Point range: 80–89 Fair Point range: 70–79 Poor Point range: 0–69 Introduction to the case (1 page) Briefly explain and summarize the case for this Assignment. Be sure to include the specific patient factors that may impact your decision making when prescribing medication for this patient. 9 (9%) – 10 (10%) The response accurately, clearly, and fully summarizes in detail the case for the Assignment. The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the specific patient factors that impact decision making when prescribing medication for this patient. 8 (8%) – 8 (8%) The response accurately summarizes the case for the Assignment. The response accurately explains the specific patient factors that impact decision making with prescribing medication for this patient. 7 (7%) – 7 (7%) The response inaccurately or vaguely summarizes the case for the Assignment. The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the specific patient factors that impact decision making with prescribing medication for this patient. 0 (0%) – 6 (6%) The response inaccurately and vaguely summarizes the case for the Assignment, or is missing. The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the specific patient factors that impact decision making with prescribing medication for this patient. Decision #1 (1–2 pages) • Which decision did you select? • Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient- specific resources, including the primary literature. • Why did you not select the 18 (18%) – 20 (20%) The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the decision selected. The response accurately and clearly explains in detail why the decision was selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that fully support the decision selected. 16 (16%) – 17 (17%) The response accurately explains the decision selected. The response explains why the decision was selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that support the decision selected. The response accurately explains 14 (14%) – 15 (15%) The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the decision selected. The response inaccurately or vaguely explains why the decision was selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that inaccurately or vaguely support the decision 0 (0%) – 13 (13%) The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the decision selected. The response inaccurately and vaguely explains why the decision was selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that do not support the decision selected, or is missing. other two options provided in the exercise? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient- specific resources, including the primary literature. • What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources (including the primary literature). • Explain how ethical considerations may impact your treatment plan and communication with patients. Be specific and provide examples. The response accurately and clearly explains in detail why the other two responses were not selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that fully support the response. The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the outcome the student was hoping to achieve with the selected decision, with specific clinically relevant resources that fully support the response. The response accurately and clearly explains in detail how ethical considerations impact the treatment plan and communication with patients. Examples provided fully support the decisions and responses provided. why the other two responses were not selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that support the response. The response accurately explains the outcome the student was hoping to achieve with the selected decision, with specific clinically relevant resources that support the response. The response accurately explains how ethical considerations impact the treatment plan and communication with patients. Examples provided support the decisions and responses provided. selected. The response inaccurately or vaguely explains why the other two responses were not selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that inaccurately or vaguely support the response. The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the outcome the student was hoping to achieve with the selected decision, with specific clinically relevant resources that inaccurately or vaguely support the response. The response inaccurately or vaguely explains how ethical considerations impact the treatment plan and communication with patients. Examples provided may support the decisions and responses provided. The response inaccurately and vaguely explains why the other two responses were not selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that do not support the decision selected, or is missing. The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the outcome the student was hoping to achieve with the selected decision, with specific clinically relevant resources that do not support the response, or is missing. The response inaccurately and vaguely explains how ethical considerations impact the treatment plan and communication with patients, or is missing. Examples provided do not support the decisions and responses provided, or is missing. Decision #2 (1–2 pages) • Which decision did you select? • Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient- specific resources, including the primary literature. • Why did you not select the other two options provided in the exercise? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient- specific resources, including the primary literature. • What were you hoping to 18 (18%) – 20 (20%) The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the decision selected. The response accurately and clearly explains in detail why the decision was selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that fully support the decision selected. The response accurately and clearly explains in detail why the other two responses were not selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that fully support the response. 16 (16%) – 17 (17%) The response accurately explains the decision selected. The response explains why the decision was selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that support the decision selected. The response accurately explains why the other two responses were not selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that support the response. The response accurately explains the outcome the student was 14 (14%) – 15 (15%) The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the decision selected. The response inaccurately or vaguely explains why the decision was selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that inaccurately or vaguely support the decision selected. The response inaccurately or vaguely explains why the other two responses were not selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that inaccurately or 0 (0%) – 13 (13%) The response inaccurately and vaguely explains in detail the decision selected. The response inaccurately and vaguely explains why the decision was selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that do not support the decision selected, or is missing. The response inaccurately and vaguely explains why the other two responses were not selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that do not support the decision selected, or is missing. achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources (including the primary literature). • Explain how ethical considerations may impact your treatment plan and communication with patients. Be specific and provide examples. The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the outcome the student was hoping to achieve with the selected decision, with specific clinically relevant resources that fully support the response. The response accurately and clearly explains in detail how ethical considerations impact the treatment plan and communication with patients. Examples provided fully support the decisions and responses provided. hoping to achieve with the selected decision, with specific clinically relevant resources that support the response. The response accurately explains how ethical considerations impact the treatment plan and communication with patients. Examples provided support the decisions and responses provided. vaguely support the response. The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the outcome the student was hoping to achieve with the selected decision, with specific clinically relevant resources that inaccurately or vaguely support the response. The response inaccurately or vaguely explains how ethical considerations impact the treatment plan and communication with patients. Examples provided may support the decisions and responses provided. The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the outcome the student was hoping to achieve with the selected decision, with specific clinically relevant resources that do not support the response, or is missing. The response inaccurately and vaguely explains how ethical considerations impact the treatment plan and communication with patients, or is missing. Examples provided do not support the decisions and responses provided, or is missing. Decision #3 (1–2 pages) • Which decision did you select? • Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient- specific resources, including the primary literature. • Why did you not select the other two options provided in the exercise? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient- specific resources, including the primary literature. • What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources (including the primary literature). • Explain how ethical 18 (18%) – 20 (20%) The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the decision selected. The response accurately and clearly explains in detail why the decision was selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that fully support the decision selected. The response accurately and clearly explains in detail why the other two responses were not selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that fully support the response. The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the outcome the student was hoping to achieve with the selected decision, with specific clinically relevant resources that fully 16 (16%) – 17 (17%) The response accurately explains the decision selected. The response explains why the decision was selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that support the decision selected. The response accurately explains why the other two responses were not selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that support the response. The response accurately explains the outcome the student was hoping to achieve with the selected decision, with specific clinically relevant resources that support the response. The response accurately explains how ethical considerations 14 (14%) – 15 (15%) The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the decision selected. The response inaccurately or vaguely explains why the decision was selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that inaccurately or vaguely support the decision selected. The response inaccurately or vaguely explains why the other two responses were not selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that inaccurately or vaguely support the response. The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the outcome the student was hoping to achieve with the selected decision, with specific clinically relevant 0 (0%) – 13 (13%) The response inaccurately and vaguely explains in detail the decision selected. The response inaccurately and vaguely explains why the decision was selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that do not support the decision selected, or is missing. The response inaccurately and vaguely explains why the other two responses were not selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that do not support the decision selected, or is missing. The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the outcome the student was hoping to achieve with the selected decision, with specific clinically relevant resources that do not support the considerations may impact your treatment plan and communication with patients. Be specific and provide examples. support the response. The response accurately and clearly explains in detail how ethical considerations impact the treatment plan and communication with patients. Examples provided fully support the decisions and responses provided. impact the treatment plan and communication with patients. Examples provided support the decisions and responses provided. resources that inaccurately or vaguely support the response. The response inaccurately or vaguely explains how ethical considerations impact the treatment plan and communication with patients. Examples provided may support the decisions and responses provided. response, or is missing. The response inaccurately and vaguely explains how ethical considerations impact the treatment plan and communication with patients, or is missing. Examples provided do not support the decisions and responses provided, or is missing. Conclusion (1 page) • Summarize your recommendations on the treatment options you selected for this patient. Be sure to justify your recommendations and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature. 14 (14%) – 15 (15%) The response accurately and clearly summarizes in detail the recommendations on the treatment options selected for this patient. The response accurately and clearly explains a justification for the recommendations provided, including clinically relevant resources that fully support the recommendations provided. 12 (12%) – 13 (13%) The response accurately summarizes the recommendations on the treatment options selected for this patient. The response accurately explains a justification for the recommendation provided, including clinically relevant resources that support the recommendations provided. 11 (11%) – 11 (11%) The response inaccurately or vaguely summarizes the recommendations on the treatment options selected for this patient. The response inaccurately or vaguely explains a justification for the recommendations provided, including clinically relevant resources that inaccurately or vaguely support the recommendations provided. 0 (0%) – 10 (10%) The response inaccurately and vaguely summarizes the recommendations on the treatment options selected for this patient, or is missing. The response inaccurately and vaguely explains a justification for the recommendations provided, including clinically relevant resources that do not support the recommendations provided, or is missing. Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria. 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet they are brief and not descriptive. 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment is vague or off topic. 0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided. Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding. Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, parenthetical/in- text citations, and reference list. 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct APA format with no errors. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors. 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%) Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors. 0 (0%) – 3 (3%) Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors. Total Points: 100

02

What this discussion post has to contain

  1. 01
    A discussion-forum post stating clearly whether you agree or disagree, and with what exactly
  2. 02
    A precise statement of Pisani's message, not a summary of the talk
  3. 03
    The distinction between allocation being political and measurement being distorted
  4. 04
    Direct engagement with her criticism of how epidemiologists present figures
  5. 05
    One concrete case, such as syringe services programmes, with sources attached
  6. 06
    Acknowledgement of the talk's date and whether its claims still hold
  7. 07
    Sources cited in APA 7th edition, including the video
03

From a stated position to a case with citations attached

01

State her message precisely

Set out the claim that ideology usually prevails over evidence in prevention funding, so the reader knows exactly what is being assessed.

02

Separate allocation from distortion

Distinguish the legitimate political character of budget decisions from political interference in what gets measured and reported.

03

Engage the accusation aimed at epidemiologists

Address her account of the incentives shaping how figures are presented, and connect it to the course's own objectives around data integrity.

04

Argue from a case, with citations

Use syringe services programmes or a comparable case where evidence and policy diverged, and attach sources to the empirical claims.

05

State the strongest objection to your own position

Close by acknowledging what could be said against you — whether that evidence often does prevail, or that acceptability is a real constraint.

04

Checking a decade-old talk's claims against current evidence

Recommended databases

  • The assigned Pisani talk, with its transcript for accurate quotation
  • PubMed, for evidence on the effectiveness of syringe services programmes
  • CDC and WHO policy documents, for the official position on harm reduction
  • Health policy journals, for analyses of how evidence enters funding decisions
  • The GCU library databases, for peer-reviewed work on evidence-based policymaking

Search sequence

  1. 1.
    Read the transcript rather than relying on one viewing, so you can quote her claims exactly rather than paraphrasing her tone.
  2. 2.
    Identify the two distinct claims in the talk before drafting; the post depends on separating them.
  3. 3.
    Search 'syringe services program effectiveness HIV' for the evidence base, and note both the transmission finding and the absence of increased drug use.
  4. 4.
    Check whether any figure you take from the talk is still current, since it was recorded in 2010.
  5. 5.
    Look for at least one source arguing the other side, so your closing objection is real rather than invented.
05

The talk, its transcript, and evidence on syringe services

These are authoritative starting points, not a ready-made bibliography. A qualified reviewer must confirm that each source fits the assignment and supports the claim beside which it is cited.

Nothing here is cleared for citation until you have read it.

  1. 01

    Elizabeth Pisani: Sex, drugs and HIV -- let's get rational

    TED · 2010

    The assigned talk with its full transcript, which is what you need in order to state her claims precisely rather than characterising them. Quote the passage about how figures are presented to funders, since that is the claim your post should engage.

  2. 02

    Sex, HIV and the politics of clean needles

    CNN · 2010

    Pisani's own written statement of the argument, which is more precise than the talk in places. Useful for citing her position as an author rather than paraphrasing a video.

  3. 03

    Prevalence

    StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf · 2023

    A reference definition for the population measures underlying any claim that funding did or did not follow transmission. Cite it when you need to be precise about what a prevalence or incidence figure is actually reporting.

06

Checking the post before you submit it

Common mistakes

  • Agreeing in general terms without stating which of her claims is being agreed with
  • Summarising the talk rather than taking and defending a position
  • Ignoring her criticism of epidemiologists, which is the claim most relevant to this course
  • Arguing from political sentiment with no empirical support
  • Quoting figures from the talk as current without checking whether they still hold
  • Drifting into general political commentary and leaving the discipline behind

Submission checklist

  • Is Pisani's message stated precisely enough to be agreed or disagreed with?
  • Are the allocation claim and the measurement claim separated?
  • Is her criticism of the profession addressed rather than skipped?
  • Is there a concrete case with citations rather than a general assertion?
  • Is the talk's date acknowledged and its claims checked against current evidence?
  • Does the post stay analytical rather than becoming partisan commentary?
  • Are citations and references in APA 7th edition?

Use this guide to plan and review your own work. Follow your institution's rules and read our academic-integrity policy.

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