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Assignment questions
StatisticsCase studyDescriptive statistics

Descriptive statistics case: blood pressure and pill use

Using Table 2A's cross-tabulated systolic blood pressures for pill users and non-users aged 35-44, classify blood pressure and the group counts as continuous or discrete, build histograms for both groups and draw one conclusion, then explain why a normal approximation helps.

Editorial process

Last reviewed · August 13, 2026

01

Continuous, discrete, and what the table is actually reporting

Part 1 asks two classification questions and the pair is designed so that you cannot answer both the same way. Systolic blood pressure is continuous: it can take any value within its range and is only limited by the precision of the instrument, which is why Table 2A has to bin it into intervals like 111-115 in the first place. The fact that it is reported in whole millimetres of mercury does not make it discrete; measurement precision and variable type are different things, and that is the trap in the question. The number of women in each category is discrete, because it is a count. It takes non-negative whole values only and there is nothing between 3,494 and 3,495. Say explicitly what makes each one what it is — divisibility for the first, countability for the second — because the instruction asks you to explain rather than to label.

Part 2 has a detail worth catching before you plot anything: the two columns are percentages, not counts, and the totals underneath differ substantially — 3,494 non-users against 1,028 users. That is exactly why the table is given as percentages, and it means you can compare the two distributions directly on a histogram without the larger group swamping the smaller. Build both histograms on the same axis scale or the comparison is meaningless. What you should see is a distribution that is roughly bell-shaped in both groups, with the users' distribution shifted toward higher pressures and carrying a heavier upper tail. State that as your one conclusion, and be careful to phrase it as an association rather than as evidence that the pill causes higher blood pressure, because this is cross-sectional data. Part 3 then follows naturally: once a distribution is approximately normal, the mean and standard deviation alone estimate the percentage of women above any cut-off.

Likely learning objectives

Inferred from the brief — check these against your own rubric.

  • 01
    Distinguish continuous from discrete variables by divisibility and countability.
  • 02
    Recognise that measurement precision does not determine variable type.
  • 03
    Construct comparable histograms from grouped percentage data.
  • 04
    Read a distributional shift between two groups from their histograms.
  • 05
    Explain how a normal approximation supports estimation from summary statistics.
Assignment instructionsQuoted verbatim

Read the full question

Review every instruction before using the planning guidance that follows.

Module 2 – Case DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Case Assignment This is a three-part assignment related to a study of contraceptive drug use among women. Table2 A is a distribution of systolic blood pressures cross tabulated by age and pill use for women. Table 2A. Distribution of systolic blood pressure, cross-tabulated by age and pill use. Blood Pressure (mm) Age 35-44 Non-Users Users % % Under 90 1 1 91-95 2 1 96-100 5 4 101-105 9 5 106-110 11 7 111-115 15 12 116-120 16 14 121-125 9 11 126-130 10 11 131-135 8 10 136-140 5 7 141-145 4 6 146-150 2 5 151-155 1 3 156-160 1 1 160 and over 1 2 Total Percent 100 100 Total Number 3,494 1,028 First, state whether blood pressure in Table 2A would be a continuous variable or a discrete variable. Explain. Then supposing that the number of women in each of groups (non-users and users) were identified, would the number of women in each category be a continuous variable or a discrete variable? Explain. Part 2: Use any free online histogram maker* to draw histograms for the blood pressures of the users and nonusers ages 35–44. Discuss one conclusion that can be made about blood pressure and pill use. *Here are some free resources: http://www.zweigmedia.com/RealWorld/stats/histogram.html Part 3: Based on what you’ve learned in this module about normal distributions, explain why a normal approximation of data would be helpful to view the data. For example, you could describe the steps that one would take to estimate the percentage of women with blood pressures in an age group. Assignment Expectations Assessment and Grading: Your paper will be assessed based on the performance assessment rubric that is linked within the course. Review it before you begin working on the assignment. Rubric Name: BSHS Case Performance Assessment Rubric J16 CriteriaLevel 5 – ExcellentLevel 4 – ProficientLevel 3 – DevelopingLevel 2 – ImprovingLevel 1 – EmergingTimeliness5 points Demonstrate excellence by submitting assignment on or before due date. 4 points Submitted 1–2 days late. 2 points Submitted 3–4 days late. 0 points Submitted more than 4 days late. 0 points Submitted more than 4 days late. Assignment-driven Criteria17 points Demonstrate excellence in covering all key elements of the assignment in a substantive way. 12 points 11 points 10 points 8 points Critical Thinking13 points Demonstrate excellence in understanding and interpreting the issue. Use relevant, factual information to support statements. Develop concepts in a manner that shows full comprehension of the issue. Analyze, synthesize, and evaluate viewpoints of others. Present logical conclusions and outcomes (consequences and implications) with appropriate rationale. 12 points 11 points 10 points 7 points Scholarly Writing10 points Demonstrate excellence in scholarly writing by using credible scholarly and professional information sources to support ideas and convey understanding. Use proper in-text citation(s) and a properly formatted reference list as required. Use headings and subheadings to organize the paper. Proofread carefully. 8 points 7 points 6 points 5 points Professionalism5 points Demonstrate excellence by taking responsibility for learning. Adhere to course requirements, policies, and expectations. Address the assignment in a manner that is appropriate for a health professional in a multidisciplinary context. 4 points 3 points 2 points 0 points Overall ScoreLevel 5 45 or moreLevel 4 40 or moreLevel 3 35 or moreLevel 2 30 or moreLevel 1
02

Turn the brief into deliverables

  1. 01
    A classification of blood pressure as continuous or discrete, with an explanation.
  2. 02
    A classification of the group counts, with an explanation.
  3. 03
    Histograms of blood pressure for users and non-users aged 35-44.
  4. 04
    One stated conclusion about blood pressure and pill use.
  5. 05
    An explanation of why a normal approximation of the data would be helpful.
03

Classify, plot, compare, then approximate

01

Blood pressure as a variable type

Continuous by divisibility, with binning explained as a presentation choice.

02

The group counts as a variable type

Discrete by countability, contrasted directly with the first answer.

03

Histograms for both groups

Two comparable plots built from the percentage columns on a shared scale.

04

One conclusion from the comparison

The shift in the users' distribution and its upper tail, stated as association.

05

Why approximate with a normal curve

Estimating proportions above or below a cut-off from mean and standard deviation.

04

Variable types and the normal distribution

Recommended databases

  • StatPearls via NCBI Bookshelf
  • MedlinePlus
  • Course statistics text
  • A free online histogram tool
  • PubMed for the blood pressure association

Search sequence

  1. 1.
    Confirm the formal definitions of continuous and discrete variables.
  2. 2.
    Check why grouped frequency tables bin continuous data.
  3. 3.
    Read how a histogram differs from a bar chart and why the distinction matters here.
  4. 4.
    Read what the normal distribution allows you to estimate from mean and standard deviation.
  5. 5.
    Check the literature on oral contraceptives and blood pressure before wording the conclusion.
05

Reference shortlist

These are authoritative starting points, not a ready-made bibliography. A qualified reviewer must confirm that each source fits the assignment and supports the claim beside which it is cited.

Nothing here is cleared for citation until you have read it.

  1. 01

    Exploratory Data Analysis: Frequencies, Descriptive Statistics, Histograms, and Boxplots

    StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf · 2024

    Definitions of variable type and the summary measures Part 3 depends on.

  2. 02

    High Blood Pressure

    MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine · 2024

    Clinical cut-offs that make the upper tail of the users' distribution meaningful.

  3. 03

    Birth Control

    MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine · 2024

    Background on oral contraceptives, needed to word the conclusion as association rather than cause.

  4. 04

    Blood Pressure Measurement

    StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf · 2024

    How systolic pressure is measured, which is what makes it a continuous variable reported discretely.

06

Review before submission

Common mistakes

  • Calling blood pressure discrete because the table reports it in bins.
  • Giving the two classifications without the explanations the instruction requires.
  • Plotting the two groups on different scales so the distributions cannot be compared.
  • Treating the percentage columns as counts and comparing raw heights.
  • Stating a causal conclusion from cross-sectional data.
  • Explaining what a normal distribution is instead of what approximating with one achieves.

Submission checklist

  • Both classification questions are answered and both are explained.
  • Histograms are provided for users and for non-users.
  • Both histograms share an axis scale.
  • One conclusion about blood pressure and pill use is stated explicitly.
  • The conclusion is phrased as an association.
  • Part 3 describes the estimation steps a normal approximation makes possible.

Use this guide to plan and review your own work. Follow your institution's rules and read our academic-integrity policy.

Written by

Aaron Bishop

MA, Education

assignment interpretation and research-methods coaching across disciplines

Aaron leads the EssayCrackers editorial desk. He works on how assignment briefs are read — what a rubric is actually asking for, and where students most often answer a different question than the one set.

Reviewed by

Dr. Nathan Cole

PhD, Rhetoric & Composition

Argumentation and thesis development

Nathan teaches first-year composition and directs a university writing center. He reviews EssayCrackers guides for argumentative soundness and citation accuracy.

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