Descriptive statistics case: blood pressure and pill use
Using Table 2A's cross-tabulated systolic blood pressures for pill users and non-users aged 35-44, classify blood pressure and the group counts as continuous or discrete, build histograms for both groups and draw one conclusion, then explain why a normal approximation helps.
Editorial process
Last reviewed · August 13, 2026
Continuous, discrete, and what the table is actually reporting
Part 1 asks two classification questions and the pair is designed so that you cannot answer both the same way. Systolic blood pressure is continuous: it can take any value within its range and is only limited by the precision of the instrument, which is why Table 2A has to bin it into intervals like 111-115 in the first place. The fact that it is reported in whole millimetres of mercury does not make it discrete; measurement precision and variable type are different things, and that is the trap in the question. The number of women in each category is discrete, because it is a count. It takes non-negative whole values only and there is nothing between 3,494 and 3,495. Say explicitly what makes each one what it is — divisibility for the first, countability for the second — because the instruction asks you to explain rather than to label.
Part 2 has a detail worth catching before you plot anything: the two columns are percentages, not counts, and the totals underneath differ substantially — 3,494 non-users against 1,028 users. That is exactly why the table is given as percentages, and it means you can compare the two distributions directly on a histogram without the larger group swamping the smaller. Build both histograms on the same axis scale or the comparison is meaningless. What you should see is a distribution that is roughly bell-shaped in both groups, with the users' distribution shifted toward higher pressures and carrying a heavier upper tail. State that as your one conclusion, and be careful to phrase it as an association rather than as evidence that the pill causes higher blood pressure, because this is cross-sectional data. Part 3 then follows naturally: once a distribution is approximately normal, the mean and standard deviation alone estimate the percentage of women above any cut-off.
Likely learning objectives
Inferred from the brief — check these against your own rubric.
- 01Distinguish continuous from discrete variables by divisibility and countability.
- 02Recognise that measurement precision does not determine variable type.
- 03Construct comparable histograms from grouped percentage data.
- 04Read a distributional shift between two groups from their histograms.
- 05Explain how a normal approximation supports estimation from summary statistics.
Read the full question
Review every instruction before using the planning guidance that follows.
Turn the brief into deliverables
- 01A classification of blood pressure as continuous or discrete, with an explanation.
- 02A classification of the group counts, with an explanation.
- 03Histograms of blood pressure for users and non-users aged 35-44.
- 04One stated conclusion about blood pressure and pill use.
- 05An explanation of why a normal approximation of the data would be helpful.
Classify, plot, compare, then approximate
Blood pressure as a variable type
Continuous by divisibility, with binning explained as a presentation choice.
The group counts as a variable type
Discrete by countability, contrasted directly with the first answer.
Histograms for both groups
Two comparable plots built from the percentage columns on a shared scale.
One conclusion from the comparison
The shift in the users' distribution and its upper tail, stated as association.
Why approximate with a normal curve
Estimating proportions above or below a cut-off from mean and standard deviation.
Variable types and the normal distribution
Recommended databases
- StatPearls via NCBI Bookshelf
- MedlinePlus
- Course statistics text
- A free online histogram tool
- PubMed for the blood pressure association
Search sequence
- 1.Confirm the formal definitions of continuous and discrete variables.
- 2.Check why grouped frequency tables bin continuous data.
- 3.Read how a histogram differs from a bar chart and why the distinction matters here.
- 4.Read what the normal distribution allows you to estimate from mean and standard deviation.
- 5.Check the literature on oral contraceptives and blood pressure before wording the conclusion.
Reference shortlist
These are authoritative starting points, not a ready-made bibliography. A qualified reviewer must confirm that each source fits the assignment and supports the claim beside which it is cited.
Nothing here is cleared for citation until you have read it.
- 01
Exploratory Data Analysis: Frequencies, Descriptive Statistics, Histograms, and Boxplots
StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf · 2024
Definitions of variable type and the summary measures Part 3 depends on.
- 02
High Blood Pressure
MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine · 2024
Clinical cut-offs that make the upper tail of the users' distribution meaningful.
- 03
Birth Control
MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine · 2024
Background on oral contraceptives, needed to word the conclusion as association rather than cause.
- 04
Blood Pressure Measurement
StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf · 2024
How systolic pressure is measured, which is what makes it a continuous variable reported discretely.
Review before submission
Common mistakes
- Calling blood pressure discrete because the table reports it in bins.
- Giving the two classifications without the explanations the instruction requires.
- Plotting the two groups on different scales so the distributions cannot be compared.
- Treating the percentage columns as counts and comparing raw heights.
- Stating a causal conclusion from cross-sectional data.
- Explaining what a normal distribution is instead of what approximating with one achieves.
Submission checklist
- Both classification questions are answered and both are explained.
- Histograms are provided for users and for non-users.
- Both histograms share an axis scale.
- One conclusion about blood pressure and pill use is stated explicitly.
- The conclusion is phrased as an association.
- Part 3 describes the estimation steps a normal approximation makes possible.
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Aaron Bishop
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