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Assignment questions
Social workDiscussion postProgram evaluation

Group Designs for Outcome Evaluation of Training

The case hands you a design opportunity: seven centres starting at different times. Recognising that as a stepped-wedge opportunity is the strongest move available.

Editorial process

Last reviewed · August 16, 2026

01

Choose a design, then generate criteria you could actually measure

Read the case for its design constraints before choosing anything, because it contains a gift. Seven regional centres are willing to participate and they are starting the training at different times — which is a naturally staggered rollout, and a staggered rollout supports a stepped-wedge or multiple-baseline design in which every centre eventually receives the training and each acts as its own control beforehand. That design answers the ethical objection to withholding training and gives you comparison at the same time, which is why recognising it is worth more than defaulting to a randomised or a one-group-pretest-posttest design. Set out the alternatives so the choice is visible: a one-group pretest-posttest is feasible and confounded by everything that happens over time; a non-equivalent comparison group is stronger but risks selection bias; randomised assignment is strongest and often refused by agencies. Say which threat to validity each alternative leaves open, and which one your choice closes.

The criteria are the second half and they are where evaluations quietly fail. Foster parent training has outcomes at several distances from the training itself, and confusing them is the error to avoid: satisfaction with the training is not learning, learning is not behaviour change, and behaviour change is not child outcome. Name criteria at more than one level — knowledge measured before and after, self-efficacy on a validated scale, observed or reported parenting behaviour, placement stability, and child wellbeing measures — and be honest that the outcomes furthest from the training are the ones that matter most and are hardest to attribute to it. Then say who supplies each measure and when, because a criterion with no data source is a wish. Note attrition too: foster carers leave, placements end, and a design that assumes a complete follow-up sample will not survive contact with the agency's records.

Likely learning objectives

Inferred from the brief — check these against your own rubric.

  • 01
    Match a group evaluation design to the constraints a real agency imposes.
  • 02
    Recognise a staggered rollout as a design opportunity.
  • 03
    Distinguish outcome levels from satisfaction through to child wellbeing.
  • 04
    Attach a data source and a timing to each criterion.
Assignment instructionsQuoted verbatim

Read the full question

Review every instruction before using the planning guidance that follows.

Discussion SOCW 6311 & 6070 Wk 10 Discussions Discussion: SOCW 6311 & 6070 Wk 10 Discussions Discussion 1: Use of Group Designs in Program Evaluation Group programs are common in social work. Just as with other types of programs, social workers must understand the options available to them and know how to select the appropriate research design. For this Discussion, you evaluate group research design methods that can be used for an outcome evaluation of a foster parent training program. You also generate criteria to be measured in the program. To prepare for this Discussion, review the “Social Work Research: Planning a Program Evaluation” case study in this week’s resources, Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen S. (Eds.). (2014b). Social work case studies: Concentration year. Retrieved from http://www.vitalsource.com , and the section of “Basic Guide to Outcomes-Based Evaluation for Nonprofit Organizations with Very Limited Resources”, titled “Overview of Methods to Collect Information.” · Post your explanation of which group research design and data collection method from those outlined in the Resources you selected as appropriate for the “Social Work Research: “Planning a Program Evaluation” case study and why. · Then, generate criteria to be measured using the research design by identifying a specific outcome and a method for measuring that outcome. Specify who will collect the data and how the data will be collected. SOCW 6311 & 6070 Wk 10 Discussions References (use 3 or more) Dudley, J. R. (2014). Social work evaluation: Enhancing what we do. (2nd ed.) Chicago, IL: Lyceum Books. · Chapters 9, “Is the Intervention Effective?” (pp. 213–250) · Chapter 10, “Analyzing Evaluation Data” (pp. 255–275) McNamara, C. (2006a). Contents of an evaluation plan. In Basic guide to program evaluation (including outcomes evaluation). Retrieved from http://managementhelp.org/evaluation/program-evaluation-guide.htm#anchor1586742 McNamara, C. (2006b). Reasons for priority on implementing outcomes-based evaluation.In Basic guide to outcomes-based evaluation for nonprofit organizations with very limited resources. Retrieved from http://managementhelp.org/evaluation/outcomes-evaluation-guide.htm#anchor30249 Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen S. (Eds.). (2014b). Social work case studies: Concentration year. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader]. Read the following section: “Social Work Research: Planning a Program Evaluation” Social Work Research: Planning a Program Evaluation Joan is a social worker who is currently enrolled in a social work PhD program. She is planning to conduct her dissertation research project with a large nonprofit child welfare organization where she has worked as a site coordinator for many years. She has already approached the agency director with her interest, and the leadership team of the agency stated that they would like to collaborate on the research project. SOCW 6311 & 6070 Wk 10 Discussions The child welfare organization at the center of the planned study has seven regional centers that operate fairly independently. The primary focus of work is on foster care; that is, recruiting and training foster parents and running a regular foster care program with an emphasis on family foster care. The agency has a residential program as well, but it will not participate in the study. Each of the regional centers services about 45–50 foster parents and approximately 100 foster children. On average, five to six new foster families are recruited at each center on a quarterly basis. This number has been consistent over the past 2 years. Discussion SOCW 6311 & 6070 Wk 10 Discussions Recently it was decided that a new training program for incoming foster parents would be used by the organization. The primary goals of this new training program include reducing foster placement disruptions, improving the quality of services delivered, and increasing child well-being through better trained and skilled foster families. Each of the regional centers will participate and implement the new training program. Three of the sites will start the program immediately, while the other four centers will not start until 12 months from now. The new training program consists of six separate 3-hour training sessions that are typically conducted in a biweekly format. It is a fairly proceduralized training program; that is, a very detailed set of manuals and training materials exists. All trainings will be conducted by the same two instructors. The current training program that it will replace differs considerably in its focus, but it also uses a 6-week, 3-hour format. It will be used by those sites not immediately participating until the new program is implemented. Joan has done a thorough review of the foster care literature and has found that there has been no research on the training program to date, even though it is being used by a growing number of agencies. She also found that there are some standardized instruments that she could use for her study. In addition, she would need to create a set of Likert-type scales for the study. She will be able to use a group design because all seven regional centers are interested in participating and they are starting the training at different times. SOCW 6311 & 6070 Wk 10 Discussions.
02

Turn the brief into deliverables

  1. 01
    The design alternatives considered.
  2. 02
    The design selected, with its justification from the case.
  3. 03
    The comparison the design provides.
  4. 04
    Criteria at more than one outcome level.
  5. 05
    A data source and timing for each criterion.
  6. 06
    Attrition and attribution addressed.
03

The programme, the design, the comparison, then the criteria

01

What the case constrains

Identify participation, timing and ethical constraints from the case.

02

Design alternatives

Set out the candidate designs with their strengths and threats.

03

The design selected

Choose and justify from the case constraints.

04

Criteria: proximal outcomes

Specify knowledge and self-efficacy measures.

05

Criteria: distal outcomes

Specify behaviour, placement stability and child wellbeing measures.

06

Data sources, timing and attrition

Say who supplies each measure, when, and what happens to dropouts.

04

Evaluation design sources with real trade-offs

Recommended databases

  • PubMed Central
  • Campbell Collaboration
  • The assigned case study
  • Program evaluation texts

Search sequence

  1. 1.
    Read the case for participation and timing details before choosing a design.
  2. 2.
    Look up stepped-wedge and multiple-baseline designs and their assumptions.
  3. 3.
    Search for validated foster carer self-efficacy or knowledge measures.
  4. 4.
    Find evidence on placement stability as an outcome and how it is measured.
05

Reference shortlist

These are authoritative starting points, not a ready-made bibliography. A qualified reviewer must confirm that each source fits the assignment and supports the claim beside which it is cited.

Nothing here is cleared for citation until you have read it.

  1. 01

    Logic analysis: testing program theory to better evaluate complex interventions

    Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation · 2011

    Logic analysis for testing programme theory — how criteria are derived rather than invented.

  2. 02

    Quantitative Methods

    University of Southern California Libraries · 2025

    Group design options with their validity threats set out.

  3. 03

    Process evaluation of a person-centred outcome measures-based quality improvement program in a hospital setting

    PMC / National Library of Medicine · 2025

    A worked process evaluation of an outcome-measure-based programme.

  4. 04

    Continuous Quality Improvement

    StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf · 2023

    Continuous improvement, for the difference between evaluating and improving.

  5. 05

    The impact of substance use disorders on families and children: from theory to practice

    Social Work in Public Health · 2013

    Family-level outcomes and how they are measured in practice.

06

Review before submission

Common mistakes

  • Defaulting to a one-group pretest-posttest without considering alternatives.
  • Missing that the staggered start supports a stronger design.
  • Treating satisfaction as an outcome measure.
  • Listing criteria with no data source or measurement point.

Submission checklist

  • Did you consider more than one design before choosing?
  • Is the choice justified from the case's own constraints?
  • Are criteria at more than one level of outcome?
  • Does each criterion have a source and a timing?

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