NRS 428 Topic 4 DQ 1: health care reform and stakeholders
Research delivery, finance, management and sustainability in the U.S. health care system, evaluate one area's effect on quality and outcomes, propose a reform solution, predict its effect, and describe the impact on the system and its stakeholders, supported by a peer-reviewed article.
Editorial process
Last reviewed · August 13, 2026
One area, evaluated before it is reformed
The prompt names four areas — delivery, finance, management and sustainability — and then quietly narrows the task, because you are asked to evaluate the effectiveness of one or more of these areas, not all four. Choosing one and staying with it is the stronger post, and it is what makes the rest of the chain possible. The chain matters: you evaluate an area's effect on quality patient care and health outcomes, then propose a reform solution to improve effectiveness in the area you evaluated, then predict the expected effect. Each step is supposed to rest on the one before it. Posts that lose marks here almost always jump straight to a proposal, so the reform arrives without any evidence that the area needed reforming or any baseline against which improvement could be measured. Do the evaluation first and in measurable terms, and the proposal writes itself.
The final clause asks for the effect of health care reform on the system and its respective stakeholders, and the word respective is a hint that stakeholders differ. A reform that improves one group's position frequently worsens another's, and naming that trade-off is what distinguishes an analytical post from a summary. Patients, nurses and other clinicians, hospitals and health systems, insurers, employers and taxpayers all sit in different positions relative to any change in how care is financed or delivered. Say who gains, who bears the cost and who carries the administrative burden, and say it in those terms rather than describing the reform as broadly beneficial. One peer-reviewed journal article is required as support, so choose it to fit the area you evaluated rather than a general article about reform, and use it for a specific finding — a measured effect, a cost, an outcome difference — rather than as decoration at the end of a paragraph.
Likely learning objectives
Inferred from the brief — check these against your own rubric.
- 01Distinguish delivery, finance, management and sustainability as areas of a health system.
- 02Evaluate one area's effectiveness against quality of care and health outcomes.
- 03Propose a reform that follows from a stated evaluation rather than preceding it.
- 04Predict the expected effect of a proposed reform in measurable terms.
- 05Trace how a single reform affects different stakeholders differently.
Read the full question
Review every instruction before using the planning guidance that follows.
Turn the brief into deliverables
- 01An identified area of the U.S. health care system, chosen from the four named.
- 02An evaluation of that area's effect on quality patient care and health outcomes.
- 03A proposed reform solution targeted at the area evaluated.
- 04A prediction of the reform's expected effect.
- 05A stakeholder-by-stakeholder account of the reform's impact, supported by a peer-reviewed article.
Evaluate, propose, predict, then trace the stakeholders
The area chosen, and why
Name delivery, finance, management or sustainability and set the boundary of the post.
Evaluating its effect on quality and outcomes
Evidence that the area currently helps or harms patient care, in measurable terms.
The proposed reform
A specific change targeted at the weakness the evaluation identified.
Predicted effect
What would change, by how much, and how anyone would know.
Stakeholders, respectively
Who gains, who pays and who absorbs the administrative burden.
One peer-reviewed article, chosen to fit the area
Recommended databases
- AHRQ
- Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
- MedlinePlus
- CINAHL or PubMed for the peer-reviewed article
- Course text on community and public health nursing
Search sequence
- 1.Read an overview of how the U.S. system is financed and delivered to fix the four areas in mind.
- 2.Choose one area and find current quality or outcome measures associated with it.
- 3.Search for one peer-reviewed article evaluating an intervention in that area.
- 4.List the stakeholder groups the area touches before deciding on a reform.
- 5.Check that the proposed reform has a measurable predicted effect.
Reference shortlist
These are authoritative starting points, not a ready-made bibliography. A qualified reviewer must confirm that each source fits the assignment and supports the claim beside which it is cited.
Nothing here is cleared for citation until you have read it.
- 01
Pay-for-Performance and Value-Based Care
StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf · 2024
How financing arrangements are tied to quality and outcomes, which gives the finance-area evaluation something concrete to stand on.
- 02
Health Care Access and Quality - Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion · 2024
National objectives linking access and delivery to population outcomes, useful for the prediction section.
- 03
Continuous Quality Improvement
StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf · 2024
How quality is defined and measured in health systems, so the evaluation uses the same terms the literature does.
- 04
Health System
MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine · 2024
Entry point to authoritative material on how the system is organised, financed and reaches patients.
Review before submission
Common mistakes
- Covering all four areas superficially instead of evaluating one properly.
- Proposing a reform before establishing that anything needed reforming.
- Describing reform history rather than evaluating current effectiveness.
- Treating stakeholders as a single group who all gain or all lose.
- Citing a general article about health reform rather than one about the area evaluated.
- Predicting an effect with no measure attached, so the prediction cannot be wrong.
Submission checklist
- One area of the system is named and stayed with.
- The evaluation refers to quality of care and to health outcomes.
- The proposed reform addresses the area that was evaluated.
- An expected effect is predicted, with a measure.
- At least two stakeholder groups are shown to be affected differently.
- One peer-reviewed journal article supports a specific claim in the post.
Use this guide to plan and review your own work. Follow your institution's rules and read our academic-integrity policy.

Written by
Aaron Bishop
MA, Education
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Argumentation and thesis development
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