Typical and atypical language development, engagement
Two independent 500-word essays that happen to share a submission. Part A is a literature summary with a required two-and-two split; Part B is a theory-cited strategy piece about a specific classroom problem.
Editorial process
Last reviewed · August 15, 2026
Two unrelated essays under one heading
Treat these as two separate essays, because they share nothing except a due date and each has its own 500-word allowance. Part A has a structural requirement that is easy to miss: four articles split evenly, two on typical language development and two on atypical. Search for them as two searches, not one, because a general search returns mostly atypical-focused work — disorder is what gets studied. For the typical pair, look for developmental sequence research or normative milestone data; for the atypical pair, developmental language disorder, speech sound disorder or language delay associated with another condition. The reflection half asks how you will use the information as a teacher, so answer it concretely: knowing the typical sequence is what lets you recognise a departure from it, and that recognition is the classroom teacher's actual role in identification rather than diagnosis, and it is worth saying so plainly.
Part B is a different task altogether and its details matter. Several girls in a fifth-grade class are disengaged during maths instruction and discussions, and you must cite a theory or theorist for the strategies you propose. Choose the theory first, because it constrains what counts as a strategy. Bandura's self-efficacy is the strongest fit here: if the problem is confidence rather than capability, the interventions follow directly from his four sources — mastery experiences through appropriately scaffolded success, vicarious experience through models the girls identify with, verbal persuasion targeted at effort and strategy rather than at ability, and attention to the anxiety that is being read as inability. Dweck's mindset work, Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and stereotype threat research all support the same design from different directions. Then the global and digital society requirement the prompt adds: collaborative online tools change who speaks, since a student who will not raise a hand may contribute in a shared document.
Likely learning objectives
Inferred from the brief — check these against your own rubric.
- 01Locate literature on typical development, which is less abundant than literature on disorder.
- 02Connect knowledge of typical sequence to a teacher's role in identification.
- 03Select a motivational theory and derive strategies from its own mechanisms.
- 04Use digital collaboration as a participation strategy rather than as a technology add-on.
Read the full question
Review every instruction before using the planning guidance that follows.
Course-wide instructions that accompany this question
You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes. Discussion: Typical language development Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages. Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor. The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument. ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS Discussion Questions (DQ) Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words. Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source. One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words. I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses. Weekly Participation Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately. In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies. Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work). Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week. APA Format and Writing Quality Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required). Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation. I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition. Use of Direct Quotes I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly. As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content. It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source. LopesWrite Policy For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me. Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes. Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own? Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score. Late Policy The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies. Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances. If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect. I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension. As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading. Communication Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me: Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class. Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours. Discussion: Typical language development
Turn the brief into deliverables
- 01A 500-word Part A essay summarising four articles, split two and two.
- 02A reflection on classroom use of that knowledge.
- 03A 500-word Part B essay with strategies citing a named theory or theorist.
- 04A global and digital society dimension in the strategies.
- 05APA formatting throughout.
Part A's four articles, then Part B's strategies
Part A: the typical pair
Summarise two articles on typical language development.
Part A: the atypical pair and the reflection
Summarise two atypical articles and say how you will use all four as a teacher.
Part B: choose the theory
Name a theory that explains disengagement as a confidence rather than ability problem.
Part B: derive the strategies
Convert the theory's mechanisms into classroom actions.
The global and digital dimension
Show how digital collaboration changes who participates.
Finding four articles that actually split two and two
Recommended databases
- ERIC
- PsycINFO
- PubMed Central
- Your education programme's course materials
Search sequence
- 1.Run two separate searches for Part A, since one search will skew toward disorder.
- 2.For Part B, read the theory's own account of its mechanisms before designing strategies.
- 3.Search for evidence on girls' engagement in mathematics specifically, which has its own literature.
- 4.Look for a study of collaborative digital tools and classroom participation, so the last requirement is evidenced.
Reference shortlist
These are authoritative starting points, not a ready-made bibliography. A qualified reviewer must confirm that each source fits the assignment and supports the claim beside which it is cited.
Nothing here is cleared for citation until you have read it.
- 01
CDC's Developmental Milestones
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention · 2024
Normative developmental milestones, which is the typical-development anchor Part A needs.
- 02
APA Dictionary of Psychology
American Psychological Association · 2024
Authoritative definitions for the motivational vocabulary Part B's theory depends on.
- 03
Expanding knowledge and roles for authority and practice boundaries of Emergency Department nurses: a grounded theory study
International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being · 2019
A model of how professional knowledge is applied in practice, useful for the reflection half.
- 04
Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct
American Psychological Association · 2017
Boundaries on a teacher's role in identification as opposed to diagnosis, which the reflection should respect.
Review before submission
Common mistakes
- Finding four articles that are all about atypical development, which the split forbids.
- Reflecting on the articles' interest rather than on classroom use.
- Proposing strategies with no theory cited, which Part B requires by name.
- Treating the digital element as a separate paragraph rather than as a participation strategy.
- Writing one essay covering both parts, when each has its own word count.
Submission checklist
- Are exactly two articles on typical and two on atypical development?
- Does the reflection say what you would do differently as a teacher?
- Is a theory or theorist named in Part B and used to derive the strategies?
- Have you addressed the global and digital dimension?
- Are both essays around 500 words and APA formatted?
Use this guide to plan and review your own work. Follow your institution's rules and read our academic-integrity policy.

Written by
Aaron Bishop
MA, Education
assignment interpretation and research-methods coaching across disciplines
Aaron leads the EssayCrackers editorial desk. He works on how assignment briefs are read — what a rubric is actually asking for, and where students most often answer a different question than the one set.

Reviewed by
Dr. Nathan Cole
PhD, Rhetoric & Composition
Argumentation and thesis development
Nathan teaches first-year composition and directs a university writing center. He reviews EssayCrackers guides for argumentative soundness and citation accuracy.