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BiologyEssayGenetics

Epigenetics: mechanism and a contested application

The brief says this is largely opinion-based, but it also says the definition must be clear and in your own words. Getting the mechanism right is what earns you the right to the opinion.

Editorial process

Last reviewed · August 15, 2026

01

Define it precisely, then argue about a contested topic

The instruction that the paper is largely opinion-based is easy to over-read. The brief still requires epigenetics to be clearly defined in your own words, and the definition is what makes the opinion worth anything — an argument about intergenerational trauma built on a wrong mechanism is not an opinion, it is an error. So get the biology right first and state it plainly: epigenetic modifications change gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence, principally through DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA, each of which regulates whether a gene is read rather than what it says. The phrase without altering the sequence is the load-bearing part, because it is precisely what distinguishes epigenetics from mutation and what makes the inheritance question genuinely difficult rather than obvious. If the sequence changed, this would be a conversation about mutation and heredity instead, and the contested part would disappear.

The hot topic the brief points to — slavery, trauma and mental illness — is contested for good scientific reasons, and saying why is more impressive than picking a side enthusiastically. Animal studies do show transgenerational effects through the germline; human evidence is much weaker, because most epigenetic marks are erased and reset between generations, and because human cohorts cannot separate biological inheritance from the social transmission of disadvantage that accompanies it. That confound is the heart of the matter: a descendant of enslaved people inherits a social and economic environment as well as any biological signal, and no human study has cleanly disentangled the two. State your position, but state it with that uncertainty attached, and answer the brief's question about whether further research is needed by naming what study design would actually settle it rather than saying more research is required, which is the answer every paper on this topic gives and none of them earns.

Likely learning objectives

Inferred from the brief — check these against your own rubric.

  • 01
    Define epigenetic mechanisms accurately and in your own words.
  • 02
    Explain why transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is contested in humans.
  • 03
    Distinguish biological transmission from social transmission of disadvantage.
Assignment instructionsQuoted verbatim

Read the full question

Review every instruction before using the planning guidance that follows.

Epigenetics are emerging as interesting phenomenon that have changed the way we look at the development of genes. This information was discussed in your text and associated learning material. Recently epigenetics have emerged in conversations around slavery, trauma and mental illness. Through information gained via your text, associated learning materials and independent research, define epigenetics. Then explain epigenetics as it is associated with a “hot topic” and share your feelings about that topic. Do you believe it to be true, scientific, relative? Is there further research that should be done? Support your opinions by explaining why you feel the way you do. Though epigenetics should be clearly defined in your words, this is largely an opinion based based. The paper should be one page in length.
Course-wide instructions that accompany this question

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes. Discussion: Development of genes Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages. Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor. The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument. ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS Discussion Questions (DQ) Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words. Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source. One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words. I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses. Weekly Participation Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately. In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies. Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work). Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week. APA Format and Writing Quality Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required). Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation. I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition. Use of Direct Quotes I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly. As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content. It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source. LopesWrite Policy For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me. Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes. Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own? Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score. Late Policy The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies. Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances. If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect. I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension. As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading. Communication Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me: Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class. Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours. Discussion: Development of genes

02

Turn the brief into deliverables

  1. 01
    A one-page paper.
  2. 02
    A clear definition of epigenetics in your own words.
  3. 03
    An application to a contested topic with your stated position.
  4. 04
    An answer on further research naming what would settle the question.
03

Definition, hot topic, then your own position

01

Define the mechanism

State what epigenetic modification is and name the principal mechanisms.

02

Introduce the contested application

Describe how epigenetics has entered discussion of slavery, trauma or mental illness.

03

Weigh the evidence

Contrast animal germline evidence with the weaker human evidence and explain reprogramming.

04

Name the confound

Separate inherited biology from inherited social and economic conditions.

05

State a position and a test

Give your view with its uncertainty, and say what study would settle it.

04

Getting the mechanism right before the argument

Recommended databases

  • National Human Genome Research Institute
  • PubMed Central
  • Nature Reviews Genetics
  • Your course text and learning materials
  • Scientific American for accessible framing

Search sequence

  1. 1.
    Confirm the mechanism from a genomics authority before writing anything, since the definition anchors the argument.
  2. 2.
    Search specifically for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in humans, which is where the contest sits.
  3. 3.
    Look for a critical review rather than a single striking study; this field's headline findings often fail replication.
  4. 4.
    Note what each study could and could not control for, since the confound is your strongest analytical point.
05

Reference shortlist

These are authoritative starting points, not a ready-made bibliography. A qualified reviewer must confirm that each source fits the assignment and supports the claim beside which it is cited.

Nothing here is cleared for citation until you have read it.

  1. 01

    Epigenomics Fact Sheet

    National Human Genome Research Institute · 2024

    A precise, citable definition of epigenetic mechanisms, which the assignment requires you to state in your own words before applying.

  2. 02

    About Adverse Childhood Experiences

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention · 2024

    Documents the measured effects of early adversity on adult health, which is the phenomenon the epigenetic claim tries to explain mechanistically.

  3. 03

    Wealth Inequality

    Pew Research Center · 2024

    Evidence for the social and economic transmission that confounds any biological inheritance claim.

  4. 04

    Hypothesis Testing, P Values, Confidence Intervals, and Significance

    StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf · 2023

    Useful for the research-design answer, since what would settle the question is a matter of power and control rather than enthusiasm.

06

Review before submission

Common mistakes

  • Describing epigenetics as changing DNA, which is the opposite of what it means.
  • Treating animal transgenerational evidence as though it settles the human case.
  • Ignoring the confound between biological and social transmission.
  • Answering the research question with 'more research is needed' and no design.

Submission checklist

  • Does your definition make clear that the sequence is unchanged?
  • Have you explained why the human evidence is weaker than the animal evidence?
  • Is the social-versus-biological confound addressed?
  • Does your research answer name a study design rather than a wish?

Use this guide to plan and review your own work. Follow your institution's rules and read our academic-integrity policy.

Written by

Aaron Bishop

MA, Education

assignment interpretation and research-methods coaching across disciplines

Aaron leads the EssayCrackers editorial desk. He works on how assignment briefs are read — what a rubric is actually asking for, and where students most often answer a different question than the one set.

Reviewed by

Dr. Nathan Cole

PhD, Rhetoric & Composition

Argumentation and thesis development

Nathan teaches first-year composition and directs a university writing center. He reviews EssayCrackers guides for argumentative soundness and citation accuracy.

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