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Assignment questions
NursingDiscussion postResearch methods

Statistics in evidence-based practice discussion

Review the assigned chapter and identify the key concepts a nurse needs in order to read research studies: the commonly used statistical tests, how and when they are used, and how significance is determined.

Editorial process

Last reviewed · August 13, 2026

01

Foundational, on purpose

The prompt sets its own scope, and it is unusually explicit about it: most nurses need only a foundational understanding of statistical tools and terminology to understand the majority of research studies. That is an instruction about depth, and it points away from formulas and toward recognition. A post that derives a test statistic has misread the brief; a post that explains how to tell which test a study should have used and what its result means has read it correctly. Organise around the three things the prompt names as the target: recognising the most commonly used statistical tests, knowing how and when each is used, and understanding how significance is determined. The middle one is the genuinely useful skill, because the match between a study's design and the test its authors chose is something a clinical reader can check without performing any computation at all, and a mismatch is one of the few signals that a non-statistician can act on confidently.

Significance is where a foundational understanding most often goes wrong, so it is worth getting precisely right in the post. A p value is the probability of observing a result at least as extreme as this one if the null hypothesis were true; it is not the probability that the null is true, nor the probability that the finding is a fluke, and it says nothing about the size or the importance of an effect. Those distinctions are exactly what a practising nurse needs in order to read a paper responsibly, and they lead naturally to the point that a statistically significant difference can be clinically trivial and a non-significant one can still matter in an underpowered study. Bring in confidence intervals as the practical remedy, since they express the same information with a range that can be judged against clinical relevance. Anchor the post in one study from your own field so the concepts have something to attach to.

Likely learning objectives

Inferred from the brief — check these against your own rubric.

  • 01
    Recognise the statistical tests most commonly reported in nursing research.
  • 02
    Match a study design to the test it should use.
  • 03
    State correctly what a p value does and does not represent.
  • 04
    Distinguish statistical significance from clinical importance.
  • 05
    Use confidence intervals to judge the practical relevance of a finding.
Assignment instructionsQuoted verbatim

Read the full question

Review every instruction before using the planning guidance that follows.

As a nurse engaged in evidence-based practice, it is important to recognize how statistics and other data analysis tools are used to generate and assess evidence. Most nurses need only a foundational understanding of statistical tools and terminology to understand the majority of research studies. As a nurse, you should be able to recognize the most commonly used statistical tests, how and when they are used, and how significance is determined. Review the information in your assigned chapter Look for: The key concepts of the chapter 19: Focus on the basic concepts that are important for nurses to understand as they review research studies.
Course-wide instructions that accompany this question

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes. Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages. Data Analysis: Small Group Discussion Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor. The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument. ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS Discussion Questions (DQ) Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words. Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source. One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words. I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses. Weekly Participation Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately. In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies. Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work). Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week. APA Format and Writing Quality Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required). Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation. I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition. Use of Direct Quotes I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly. As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content. It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source. LopesWrite Policy For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me. Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes. Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own? Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score. Late Policy The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies. Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances. If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect. I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension. As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading. Communication Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me: Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class. Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours. Data Analysis: Small Group Discussion

02

Turn the brief into deliverables

  1. 01
    The key concepts from the assigned chapter, identified for a nursing audience.
  2. 02
    The most commonly used statistical tests and what each is for.
  3. 03
    An account of how and when the tests are used.
  4. 04
    An explanation of how significance is determined.
  5. 05
    A worked connection to at least one research study.
03

Tests, uses, and significance

01

What a reader needs

The level of understanding the prompt sets, and why it is enough.

02

The common tests

t tests, ANOVA, correlation, chi-square and regression, with what each answers.

03

Matching design to test

How to check a study used a test appropriate to its variables and groups.

04

How significance is determined

Null hypothesis, p value, threshold, and what the p value is not.

05

Significance against importance

Effect size and confidence intervals as the clinical reader's tools.

04

The chapter first, then one worked study

Recommended databases

  • The assigned course chapter
  • CINAHL
  • PubMed
  • NCBI Bookshelf statistics chapters
  • Nursing research journals

Search sequence

  1. 1.
    Read the assigned chapter and list the concepts it treats as foundational.
  2. 2.
    Read a reference account of p values and confidence intervals to check your definitions.
  3. 3.
    Find one nursing study reporting a common test and read only its results section.
  4. 4.
    Check which test that study used and whether it matches its design.
  5. 5.
    Look for an example where a significant result was clinically small.
05

Reference shortlist

These are authoritative starting points, not a ready-made bibliography. A qualified reviewer must confirm that each source fits the assignment and supports the claim beside which it is cited.

Nothing here is cleared for citation until you have read it.

  1. 01

    Hypothesis Testing, P Values, Confidence Intervals, and Significance

    StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf · 2023

    The correct definition of a p value, significance and confidence intervals.

  2. 02

    Types of Variables and Commonly Used Statistical Designs

    StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf · 2023

    Which test suits which design, which is the recognition skill the prompt targets.

  3. 03

    Exploratory Data Analysis: Frequencies, Descriptive Statistics, Histograms, and Boxplots

    StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf · 2023

    Descriptive statistics and distribution shape, the foundation the chapter starts from.

  4. 04

    Study Bias

    StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf · 2023

    Why a correctly computed statistic can still come from a study that should not change practice.

06

Review before submission

Common mistakes

  • Writing at analyst depth when the prompt asks for a foundational reader's understanding.
  • Defining the p value as the probability that the null hypothesis is true.
  • Treating statistical significance and clinical importance as the same thing.
  • Listing tests without saying which design each suits.
  • Omitting confidence intervals, which are what make significance usable clinically.
  • Summarising the chapter without connecting any of it to reading a study.

Submission checklist

  • The key concepts of the assigned chapter are identified explicitly.
  • At least three common tests are named with their uses.
  • The p value is defined correctly.
  • The difference between statistical and clinical significance is stated.
  • Confidence intervals appear as a practical tool.
  • The post meets the course's length and citation requirements.

Use this guide to plan and review your own work. Follow your institution's rules and read our academic-integrity policy.

Written by

Aaron Bishop

MA, Education

assignment interpretation and research-methods coaching across disciplines

Aaron leads the EssayCrackers editorial desk. He works on how assignment briefs are read — what a rubric is actually asking for, and where students most often answer a different question than the one set.

Reviewed by

Dr. Nathan Cole

PhD, Rhetoric & Composition

Argumentation and thesis development

Nathan teaches first-year composition and directs a university writing center. He reviews EssayCrackers guides for argumentative soundness and citation accuracy.

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